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Le locuteur exprime
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modal
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forme non modale
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| l’obligation
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must+BV
He must leave.
Must+have+Vpp
He must have finished by tomorrow
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have to
he had to leave.
He will have to leave.
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| l’interdiction
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may not
can’t ...........} +BV
mustn’t
You may not park here, sir.
You can’t smoke in a public place.
You mustn’t smoke in a gas station.
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Not to be allowed to
You will not be allowed to stay here.
We were not allowed to smoke at school.
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L’absence d’obligation
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needn’t+BV
You needn’t use you fork to eat a hamburger.
Needn’t +have+Vpp
You needn’t have brought a present, but I’m very pleased you have!
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Not to have to :
You won’t have to wear a suit, it’s a barbecue party.
At school, we didn’t have to buy a calculator, they gave you one.
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La permission
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can+BV
may+BV
You can come with us.
You may call me by my first name.
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to be allowed to :
You will be allowed to speak to the president.
When I was a child, we were allowed to sleep on the roof!
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| Le conseil, le reproche..
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Should (not)+BV
You should smoke less.
Should (not)+be+Ving
You should be working instead of watching TV
Should (not)+have +Vpp
You should have asked my opinion.
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| La capacité, l’incapacité..
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can(not)+BV
I can’t lift that weight, it’s too heavy.
I can run as fast as a leppard!
Could(not)+BV
capacité ou incapacité permanente dans le passé
As a child, I could learn everything by heart.
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(Not) to be able to :
Yesterday, I wasn’t able to remember my phone number.
I’m sure he will be able to answer those questions.
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La suggestion
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Could+BV
Might+BV
We might/could go to the cinema tonight.
Shall+sujet+v…?
Shall we go to the cinema tonight?
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La volonté, le refus
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Will/won’t/wouldn’t+BV
Shut the window, will you?
Will you marry me? Yes, I will.
He won’t eat vegetables!
As a child, he wouldn’t eat vegetables.
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